Physical CPU
It is the physical Processor on the server.Each CPU is assigned to one socket
Core
Each Physical CPU consist of single or Multiple Processing unit which are called Core of the Physical CPU. A Physical CPU could be dual core,quad core .It is the core which execute all the program instructions. In multiple core processor,multiple programs can be executed in parallel providing better throughput.We see lots of these in market today
Socket
It is the physical connector on the motherboard in which physical CPU is fit in. Desktop computer usually have one Socket while server have multiple socket to accommodate multiple physical CPU
Hyper-threading
This concept was introduced by Intel to parallization of computation. This is intel properierty Simultaneous Multi threading implementation.Each core is presented a as two logical . Each logical processor work independently from the other logical processor sharing the same physical core and can process a thread
Here is the snapshot from the Laptop Computer
You can retrieve the CPU,Core,socket information from Windows operating systems
WMIC CPU Get /Format:List Click on Run and type MSINFO32